Hierarchy among the social groups were experienced during this period according to the tombs. The Middle Bronze Age known as the Apennine Bronze Age in Central and Southern Italy was the period when settlements were established both on lowland and upland areas. The cities of Toppo Daguzzo and La Starza were known as the center of the Proto-Apennine stage of Palma Campania culture spread in southern Italy at this time. Polada settlements were mainly widespread in wetland locations such as around the large lakes and hills along the Alpine margin. The Early Bronze Age shows the beginning of a new culture in Northern Italy and is distinguished by the Polada culture. The Italian Bronze Age is conditionally divided into four periods: The Beaker culture marks the transition between the Eneolithic and the early Bronze Age. This sculptural tradition of possible steppe origin ( Yamna culture), lasted in some regions well into the Bronze Age and even into the Iron Age. The earliest Statue menhirs, frequently depicting weapons, were erected by the populations of northern Italy and Sardinia during this period. Other important eneolithic cultures of the peninsula and the islands, often related to those previously mentioned, are the Laterza culture in Apulia and Basilicata, the Abealzu-Filigosa culture in Sardinia, the Conelle-Ortucchio culture in Abruzzo and Marche, the Serraferlicchio culture in Sicily, and the Spilamberto group in Emilia-Romagna. They are sometimes described as Eneolithic cultures, due to their use of primitive copper tools. The Remedello, Rinaldone and Gaudo cultures are late Neolithic cultures of Italy, traces of which are primarily found in the present-day regions of Lombardy, Tuscany, Latium and Campania. Neolithic įurther information: Chalcolithic Europe and Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe In 2011 the most ancient Sardinian complete human skeleton (called Amsicora) was discovered at Pistoccu, in Marina di Arbus scientists date it to 8500 years ago (the transition period between the Mesolithic and Neolithic). In November 2011 tests conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in England on what were previously thought to be Neanderthal baby teeth, which had been unearthed in 1964 from the Grotta del Cavallo, dated teeth from between 43,000 and 45,000 years ago. Homo sapiens sapiens appeared during the upper Palaeolithic: the earliest site in Italy dated 48,000 years ago is There are some twenty such sites, the most important being that of the Grotta Guattari at San Felice Circeo, on the Tyrrhenian Sea south of Rome another is at the grotta di Fumane ( province of Verona) and the Breuil grotto, also in San Felice. The presence of Homo neanderthalensis has been demonstrated in archaeological findings dating to c. The arrival of the first hominins was 850,000 years ago at Monte Poggiolo. The Adriatic Sea began at what is now the Gargano Peninsula, and what is now its surface up to Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate. During glaciations, for example, the sea level was lower and the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland. In prehistoric times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from how it is now.
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